Glukoosi

torsdag 7 maj 2015

Rautatammenlehtiteen fenoliset antioksidantit

Otan tämän luettelon glukoosiblogiin, koska tätä teetä on käytetty diabeteksen hoitoon joissain kulttuureissa ja sillä on myös hyvät ominaisuudet pahojen (PAH) lisäksi. Tästä artikkelista herää ajatus, että kasvin runsaita orgaanisia fenolisia antioksidantteja voitaisiin käyttää - haitta-aineista puhdistamisen jälkeen- luonnonantioksidantteina synteettisten sijasta, jolloin tämä rautatammi katsottaisiin raaka-aineeksi, josta voitaisiin saada niitä antioksidantimolekyylejä esiin. eikä niin että koko kasvia kaikkine osinensa seoksena suoraan käytettäisiin .http://www.sfcri.com/vilka-ar-farorna-med-yerba-mate-for-cancer/ Ei taida sopia suomalaiselle koska voi vaihtaa päälle kansan perinnölliset maksasyöpägeenit, sillä geenisäätövaikutus on vahva.

Molecules 2007, 12(3), 423-432; doi:10.3390/12030423

Article Phenolic Antioxidants Identified by ESI-MS from Yerba Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) and Green Tea (Camelia sinensis) Extracts

Deborah H Bastos^1,* , Luciane A Saldanha¹, Rodrigo R Catharino², Alexandra Sawaya², Ildenize B Cunha², Patricia O Carvalho³ and Marcos N Eberlin²

Received: 21 December 2006 / Revised: 3 March 2007 / Accepted: 4 March 2007 / Published: 12 March 2007

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolics and Polyphenolics)

Download PDF [160 KB, uploaded 18 June 2014]

Abstract

Aqueous extracts of green yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) are good sources of phenolic antioxidants, as already described in the literature. The subject of this study were organic extracts from yerba maté, both green and roasted, and from green tea. Their phenolic profiles were characterized by direct infusion electrospray insertion mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and their free radical scavenging activity was determined by the DPPH assay.

Organic extracts containing phenolic antioxidants might be used as natural antioxidants by the food industry, replacing the synthetic phenolic additives used nowadays.

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts from green yerba maté, roasted yerba maté and green tea showed excellent DPPH scavenging activity (>89%). The ether extracts from green and roasted yerba maté displayed a weak scavenging activity, different from the behavior observed for the green tea ether extract. The main phenolic compounds identified in green yerba maté water and ethanolic extracts were:

caffeic acid,

quinic acid,

caffeoyl glucose,

caffeoylquinic acid,

feruloylquinic acid,

dicaffeoylquinic acid

and rutin.

After the roasting process two new compounds were formed:

caffeoylshikimic acid

and dicaffeoylshikimic acid.

The ethanolic extracts from yerba maté, both roasted and green, with lower content of phenolic compounds (3.80 and 2.83 mg/mL) presented high antioxidant activity and even at very low phenolic concentrations, ether extract from GT (0.07 mg/mL) inhibited DPPH over 90%.

Keywords: Yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis); Green tea (Camellia sinensis); Phenolic compounds; ESI-MS; Natural antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Rautatammiteen cancerogeenisyys johtuu polysyklisistä aromaatisista hiilivedyistä

2008 May;17(5):1262-8. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0025.High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mate drinks.

Kamangar F¹, Schantz MM, Abnet CC, Fagundes RB, Dawsey SM.

Abstract BACKGROUND:

Drinking mate has been associated with cancers of the esophagus, oropharynx, larynx, lung, kidney, and bladder. We conducted this study to determine whether drinking mate could lead to substantial exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including known carcinogens, such as benzo[a]pyrene.

METHODS: The concentrations of 21 individual PAHs were measured in dry leaves of eight commercial brands of yerba mate and in infusions made with hot (80 degrees C) or cold (5 degrees C) water. Measurements were done using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, with deuterated PAHs as the surrogates. Infusions were made by adding water to the leaves, removing the resulting infusion after 5 min, and then adding more water to the remaining leaves. This process was repeated 12 times for each infusion temperature.

RESULTS: The total concentrations of the 21 PAHs in different brands of yerba mate ranged from 536 to 2,906 ng/g dry leaves. Benzo[a]pyrene concentrations ranged from 8.03 to 53.3 ng/g dry leaves. For the mate infusions prepared using hot water and brand 1, 37% (1,092 of 2,906 ng) of the total measured PAHs and 50% (25.1 of 50 ng) of the benzo[a]pyrene content were released into the 12 infusions. Similar results were obtained for other hot and cold infusions.

CONCLUSION: Very high concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs were found in yerba mate leaves and in hot and cold mate infusions. Our results support the hypothesis that the carcinogenicity of mate may be related to its PAH content.

PMID:18483349 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Free full text

Yerba Mate teen hyvistä puolista ( Ilex paraguariensis)

Tunnen diabeetikoita, jotka käyuttävät Yerba mate teetä verensokerin stabiloimiseen ja katson sen takia mitä tämä tee on. Se osoittautuu rautatammiperäiseksi kasvituotteeksi.
Siitä on monta artikkelia PubMed tieteellisissä julkaisuissa kuten tämä:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23670797
Siinä on katsottu fundamentaalinen signalointikohta aineenvaihdunnasta, joka tapaa olla metabolisissa taudeissa vikasäädössä. (PI3K-AKT signalointi.
Asetan artikkelin alle muitakin lähteitä, missä on tietoja signaalitievaikutuksista.

2013 Oct;57(10):1882-5. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201200834. Epub 2013 May 14.Modulatory effects of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) on the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.

Arçari DP¹, Santos JC, Gambero A, Ferraz LF, Ribeiro ML.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of yerba maté (YM) extract on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway in vivo. The mice were introduced to either standard- or high-fat diet (HFD). After 8 weeks on an HFD, mice were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment conditions, water or yerba maté extract at 1.0 g/kg. After treatment, glucose blood level and hepatic insulin response were evaluated. Liver tissue was examined to determine the mRNA levels using the PI3K-AKT PCR array. The nuclear translocation of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) was determined by an electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. Our data demonstrated that yerba maté extract significantly decreased the final body weight, glucose blood levels, and insulin resistance of mice. Molecular analysis demonstrated that an HFD downregulated Akt2, Irs1, Irs2, Pi3kca, Pi3kcg, and Pdk1; after yerba maté treatment, the levels of those genes returned to baseline. In addition, an HFD upregulated Pepck and G6pc and increased FOXO1 nuclear translocation. The intervention downregulated these genes by decreasing FOXO1 nuclear translocation. The results obtained demonstrate for the first time the specific action of yerba maté on the PI3K-AKT pathway, which contributed to the observed improvement in hepatic insulin signaling.
© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

ADIPOGENEESIN SÄÄTELYGEENIT vaikuttuvat , kovin monta monta geeniä vaikuttuu.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338179

LIIKAKÄYTÖN VAAROJA:

Yerba mate -tee on oikeastaan aika pahanmakuinen, joten sen erittäin runsas käyttäminen eräissä kulttuureissa johtuu sen muista vaikutuksista eikä kielen tuntemasta mausta eikä hyvästä teearomista, kuten tavallisella mustalla teellä on. Tästä Yerba mate teestä tulee haljun vihreän väristä. Tyyppihaju on aika vahva, helposti tunnistettava jos kerran on sen tuoksun tuntenut, ja aromi tarttuu koko huoneeseen.
Runsas tai pitkäaikainen käyttö altistaa ruokatorvien levyepiteelisyövälle , mikä on milteipä luonnollista koska on kyse jostain tropiikin paksulehtisestä kasvista. Saattaa olla että tämä tee on hyvin dominoiva kulttuurijuoma, ja joskus puun lehtiä on käytetty nälkätilan ainoana viherravintolähteenä, joten on mahdollista että toksisuus paljastuu merkitsevänä. Lisäksi tropiikin kansanlääkeaineet eivät tosiaan ole apteekkitasoa. Tällä on siellä maine hyvänä lääkkeenä diabeteksessa ja monessa muussa taudissa- mit´ltei kuin yleislääke. . Muitakin syöpiä se voi aiheuttaa, koska siinä on polysyklisiä aromaattisia hiilivetyjä (PAH); lisäksi kuuman teen aiheuttamia ovat lämpövauriot.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130226

2014 Jan;23(1):107-16. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0796. Epub 2013 Oct 15.

Maté drinking and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in South America: pooled results from two large multicenter case-control studies.

Lubin JH¹, De Stefani E, Abnet CC, Acosta G, Boffetta P, Victora C, Graubard BI, Muñoz N, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Franceschi S, Castellsagué X, Ronco AL, Dawsey SM.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:Maté tea is a nonalcoholic infusion widely consumed in southern South America, and may increase risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and other cancers due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and/or thermal injury.

METHODS: We pooled two case-control studies: a 1988 to 2005 Uruguay study and a 1986 to 1992 multinational study in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, including 1,400 cases and 3,229 controls. We computed ORs and fitted a linear excess OR (EOR) model for cumulative maté consumption in liters/day-year (LPDY).

RESULTS: The adjusted OR for ESCC with 95% confidence interval (CI) by ever compared with never use of maté was 1.60 (1.2-2.2). ORs increased linearly with LPDY (test of nonlinearity; P = 0.69). The estimate of slope (EOR/LPDY) was 0.009 (0.005-0.014) and did not vary with daily intake, indicating maté intensity did not influence the strength of association. EOR/LPDY estimates for consumption at warm, hot, and very hot beverage temperatures were 0.004 (-0.002-0.013), 0.007 (0.003-0.013), and 0.016 (0.009-0.027), respectively, and differed significantly (P < 0.01). EOR/LPDY estimates were increased in younger (<65 alcohol="" and="" but="" by="" drinkers="" evaluations="" hoc="" homogeneous="" individuals="" never="" post="" sex.="" span="" these="" were="">

CONCLUSIONS: ORs for ESCC increased linearly with cumulative maté consumption and were unrelated to intensity, so greater daily consumption for shorter duration or lesser daily consumption for longer duration resulted in comparable ORs. The strength of association increased with higher maté temperatures.

IMPACT: Increased understanding of cancer risks with maté consumption enhances the understanding of the public health consequences given its purported health benefits.

Free PMC Article

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torsdag 14 maj 2015

Insuliini ja keramidi- mitä koorelaatiota

torsdag 7 maj 2015

Rautatammenlehtiteen fenoliset antioksidantit

Rautatammiteen cancerogeenisyys johtuu polysyklisistä aromaatisista hiilivedyistä

Abstract BACKGROUND:

CONCLUSION: Very high concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs were found in yerba mate leaves and in hot and cold mate infusions. Our results support the hypothesis that the carcinogenicity of mate may be related to its PAH content.

Yerba Mate teen hyvistä puolista ( Ilex paraguariensis)

Abstract

Maté drinking and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in South America: pooled results from two large multicenter case-control studies.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:Maté tea is a nonalcoholic infusion widely consumed in southern South America, and may increase risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and other cancers due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and/or thermal injury.

IMPACT: Increased understanding of cancer risks with maté consumption enhances the understanding of the public health consequences given its purported health benefits.

lördag 11 oktober 2014

Glykogeenin pilkkoutuminen glukoosiksi

Minkälainen on glykogeenigranula? Animaatio

Miten nykyään glykogenolyysi tapahtuu.Animaatio

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